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At TopNotchMedia we strive to ensure that the value and benefits of each and every product we sell far exceeds what you pay for it. We are so confident about our products that we even offer a 100% money back satisfaction guarantee. We are the ONLY seller who offers an advanced navigation system with over 20 themes that allows you to change the look and feel of the software so that you enjoy discovering new things. NonDestructive Inspection Methods CD * NonDestructive Inspection Methods Everything listed is included on this great CD. Easy to Use CD Setup and Navigation * Lots of information and quality features professionally presented on this CD. * You can even PRINT the courses and manuals so you can enjoy it away from the computer. * You can change the look and feel of our great software with 20+ NAVIGATION SYSTEM THEMES. * A powerful BROWSE, INDEX, and SEARCH ENGINE is built into the software for easy navigation. * User friendly CD setup menu is included which will automatically run when placed in your computer. * You can run the software directly from the CD to save hard drive space or use the PROFESSIONAL INSTALLER included to install the software to your computer so you will never need to insert the CD again to run things. * All versions of Windows are supported, Win 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/2003. *** Lots of information and diagrams, more details of each course and manual are below *** NonDestructive Inspection Methods (771 Pages) 1.2 Personnel Training / Qualification / Certification Special Task Certification and Recurring Training 1.3 Reporting New / Improved Nondestructive Inspection Techniques Scope of Documentation Requirements Suggested Documentation Method Monitoring Process Performance (Stationary Inspection Units) 1.6 Magnetic Particle Inspection Process Control Causes of Materials Degradation Magnetic Particle Equipment / System Requirements Quantitative Quality Indicators Establishing a Field Indicator Reference Standard Checking the In Use Field Indicators 1.8 Ultrasonic Process Control Requirements The Ultrasonic Process Control Requirements 1.9 Process Control For Radiography Radiographic Process Control Requirements 2. Liquid Penetrant Inspection Capabilities of Penetrant Inspection Advantages and Capabilities of Liquid Penetrant Inspection Disadvantages and Limitations of Liquid Penetrant Inspection Limitations on Applications of Penetrant Inspection Classification of Penetrant Materials and Processes 2.3 Pretesting, Cleaning, Precleaning and Postcleaning Postcleaning After Penetrant Inspection 2.4 Mechanism, Properties and Application of Penetrant Factors Inf luencing Removability Removal of Water Washable Penetrant, Method A Removal of Postemulsifiable Penetrant, Methods B and D Removal of Penetrants with Solvent, Method C Water Suspended (Wet-Aqueous) Developer Nonaqueous Solvent Suspended Developers 2.7 Inspection and Interpretation Inspection, Interpretation and Evaluation Low Sulfur, Low Chlorine Penetrant Systems High Temperature Penetrant Materials Dye Precipitation Penetrant Systems 3. Magnetic Particle Inspection Limitation of Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Field Characteristics Current Sources for Generation Magnetic Field Ferromagnetic Material Characteristics 3.2 Pre- and Post-mpi Cleaning & Pre-mpi Disassembly Considerations when Selecting a Cleaning Process 3.3 Magnetic Particle Inspection Techniques Factors Determining the Choice of Technique Methods of Particle Application Techniques for Current/Particle Application 3.4 Portable Magnetic Particle Field Inspection Techniques 3.5 Magnetic Particle Inspection Materials and Respective Methods Particle Properties and Their Effects Current / Particle Application Techniques Measuring Residual Leakage Field Intensities 3.7 Formation of Discontinuities and Their Mpi Indications Iron and Steel Manufacturing Processes 3.8 Methods of Recording Mpi Indications 3.9 Magnetic Rubber Inspection Method Gel Time, Pot Life and Cure Time Magnetic Rubber Inspection Procedure Eddy Current Inspection Techniques Components of an Eddy Current Inspection System Limitations of Eddy Current Method 4.2 Generation of and Factors Affecting Eddy Currents Variables Affecting Eddy Currents Intensity and Distribution of Eddy Currents 4.3 Analysis of Eddy Current Signals Overview of Signal Detection, Processing and Display Heat Treat Condition or Hardness Probes (Coil Assemblies) - General 4.5 General Applications - Flaw Detection Requirements for Eddy Current Flaw Detection Effects of Crack Location on Detectability Effects of Scanning Techniques on Detection Reference Standards for Cracks Evaluation of Crack Indications Effect of Scan Rate and Pattern 4.6 Specific Application - Flaw Detection Fastener Holes Removable Fasteners Openings, Large Holes, and Cutouts Fastener Holes Nonremovable Fasteners 4.7 Specific Application - Conductivity Measurement Applications of Conductivity Measurement Effects of Variations in Material Properties Effects of Variations in Test Conditions Conductivity Reference Standards 4.8 Specific Application - Thickness Measurement Measurement of Total Metal Thickness Measurement of Nonconductive Coatings 4.9 Advances in Electromagnetic Test Methods Application of Advanced Techniques 5.1 General Ultrasonic Principles Characteristics of Ultrasonic Energy Generation and Receiving of Ultrasonic Vibrations Refraction and Mode Conversion 5.2 Ultrasonic Equipment and Materials Guidelines for Inspector Familiarization Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) Evaluation of Discontinuity Indications 5.4 Ultrasonic Inspection of Bonded Structures Inspection Methods for Bonded Structures Methods Used with Basic Ultrasonic Instruments Methods Associated with Instruments Dedicated to Bond Inspection 5.5 Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement 6. Basic Fundamentals of Radiographic Inspection Properties of X-Rays and Gamma Rays Unique Properties of Gamma Rays Basic Requirements for Production of X-Rays Effects of Voltage and Amperage on X-Ray Production Practical Considerations When Choosing Equipment Considerations When Operating X-Ray Equipment 6.4 Films, Film Holders and Screens 6.5 Interaction of Radiation With Material 6.6 Special Radiographic Techniques 6.7 Effective Radiographic Inspections Factors Affecting Image Quality Industrial Radiographic Film Characteristics 6.8 Radiographic Interpretation Typical Radiographic Discontinuities Welding Defects and Conditions Responsibilities (Air Force/Navy) Qualifications of Industrial Radiographers Possession and Use of Gamma Ray Sources Radiation Safety Monitor Assistants Measuring Exposures Rates: Ionization Chamber Type Survey Instruments Calibration and Use of Radiation Survey Instruments Personnel Monitoring Requirements Dose Reporting and Recording Procedures Suspected Overexposure of Ionizing Radiation Standard Department of Defense Industrial X-Ray Radiographic Equipment Classification and Selection of Radiographic Installations Protective Installations or Shielded Installations Design or Modification of Installations Structural Details of Protective Barriers Figure 1-1. Nondestructive Inspection Facility Figure 1-2. Example of AF Form Figure 1-4. AF Form 3130 Sample Format for Fluorescent Penetrant Method Process Control Figure 1-5. AF Form 3130 Sample Format for Magnetic Particle Method Process Control Figure 1-6. Illustration of Crack Depth in Chrome-Plated Panel Figure 1-7. Specific Gravity Hydrometer Readings for Two Water Suspended Developers Figure 1-8. Specific Gravity Hydrometer Readings Versus Concentration for One Manufacturers Water Soluble Developers Figure 1-9a. Establishing a Field Indicator Reference Standard Figure 1-9b. Checking In-Use Field Indicators Figure 1-10. ASTM Reference Blocks Figure 1-12. Use of IIW Block Horizontal Linearity Figure 1-13. Use of an IIW Block to Check Back Surface Resolution Figure 1-14. Use of IIW Block to Check Entry Surface Resolution Figure 1-15. Straight Beam Distance Calibration with IIW Block Figure 1-16. Straight Beam Distance with Miniature Angle Beam Block Figure 1-17. Point of Incidence Determination with IIW Block Figure 1-18. Determination of Point of Incidence with Miniature Angle Beam Block Figure 1-19. Angle Determination with IIW Block Figure 1-20. Angle Beam Distance Calibration with IIW Block Figure 1-21. Angle Beam Distance Calibration with Miniature Angle Beam Block Figure 1-22. Angle Determination with Miniature Angle Beam Block Figure 1-23. Beam Misalignment (Skew Angle) Figure 1-24. Skew Angle Measurement Figure 2-1. Basic Penetrant Inspection Process Figure 2-2. Typical Small Parts Inspection Units Figure 2-3. Cracked, Brittle Iron-Plated Coupon Showing the Inspection Results from Two Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection Processes of Different Sensitivities Figure 2-4. Flow Chart for Water Washable Penetrant Process (Method A) Figure 2-5. Flow Chart for Postemulsifiable, Lipophilic, Penetrant Process (Method B) Figure 2-6. Flow Chart for Solvent Removable Penetrant Process (Method C) Figure 2-7. Flow Chart for Postemulsifiable, Hydrophilic Penetrant Process (Method D) Figure 2-8. The Contact Angle (q) is the Angle Between the Liquid and Solid Surface and is a Measure of the Wetting Ability Figure 2-9. The Rise or Depression of Liquid in a Capillary Tube Depends Upon the Contact Angle Figure 2-10. Indications Produced by Penetrants of Four Different Sensitivity Levels Using Dry Developer Figure 2-11. Approximate Drying Times for Two Types of Nonaqueous Developers at Various Temperatures Figure 2-12. Viscosity of Several QPL Penetrants at Various Temperatures Figure 2-13. Comparison of Dwell Time Versus Viscosity for Two Types of Penetrants Figure 2-14. Comparison of Adequate Dwell Versus Insufficient Dwell on a Thermally Cracked Aluminum Block Figure 2-15. Cracked Chrome Panels Showing Effects of Insufficient Wash, Optimum Wash and Excessive Wash Figure 2-16. A Typical Wash or Rinse Station Figure 2-17. An Improper Washing Procedure Figure 2-18. Diffusion of Emulsifier into Penetrant During the Lipophilic Emulsifier Dwell Figure 2-19. Results of Insufficient, Optimum and Excessive Lipophilic Emulsifier Dwell Time Figure 2-20. Action of the Hydrophilic Process Figure 2-21. The Effects of Optimum, Insufficient, and Excessive Hydrophilic Removal Figure 2-22. The Effects of a Developer Figure 2-23. The Effect of Proper Versus Excessive Drying Figure 2-24. Cracked Aluminum Panel Comparing Results with an Optimum Thickness Layer (Top) to an Excessive Layer (Bottom) of Developer Figure 2-25. Comparison of Four Forms of Developer on a Cracked Chrome Plated Panels Figure 2-26. Electromagnetic Spectrum Shows the Relatively Narrow Band of Black Light Figure 2-27. Relative Response of Typical Human Eye to Visible Light of Various Wavelengths Figure 2-28. Portable 100-Watt Black Light Figure 2-29. Cross-Section of a Typical High Pressure, Mercury Vapor Arc Bulb Figure 2-30. Transmission Curve for Kopp 41 Glass Figure 2-31. Examples of Digital Radiometers Figure 2-32. Typical Penetrant Indications Figure 2-33. Micrograph of a Cross-Section Through a Fatigue Crack Showing the Transgranular Progression Figure 2-34. Micrograph of a Cross-Section Through a Stress Corrosion Crack Figure 3-2. Horseshoe Magnet with Poles Close Together Figure 3-3. Horseshoe Magnet Fused into a Ring Figure 3-4. Crack in Fused Horseshoe Magnet Figure 3-5. Horseshoe Magnet Straightened to Form a Bar Magnet Figure 3-6. Slot in Bar Magnet Attracting Magnetic Particles Figure 3-7. Crack in Bar Magnet Attracting Magnetic Particles Figure 3-8. Magnetic Field Surrounding an Electrical Conductor Figure 3-9. Magnetic Field in Part Used as a Conductor Figure 3-10. Creating a Circular Magnetic Field in a Part Figure 3-11. Using a Central Conductor to Circularly Magnetize a Cylinder Figure 3-12. Using a Central Conductor to Circularly Magnetize Ring-Like Parts Figure 3-13. Magnetic Lines of Force (Magnetic Field) in a Coil Figure 3-14a. Longitudinal Magnetic Field Produced in a Part Placed in a Coil Figure 3-14b. Longitudinal Field Produced by the Coil Generates an Indication of Crack in Part Figure 3-15. Field Produced in a Bar by a Parallel Current Figure 3-16. Hysteresis Curve for a Ferromagnetic Material Figure 3-17. Flux Waveform During Demagnetization, Projected from the Hysteresis Loop Figure 3-18. Electromagnetic Probe or Yoke Figure 3-19. Magnetization with a Permanent Magnet Figure 3-20. Current and Field Distribution in a Bearing Race Being Magnetized by the Induced Current Method Figure 3-21. Comparison of Indications of Surface Cracks on a Part Magnetized with AC, DC and Three Phase Rectified AC Figure 3-22. Drawing of a Tool Steel Ring Specimen (Ketos Ring) with Artificial Sub-Surface Defects Figure 3-23. Hall-Effect Sensors Figure 3-24. Shim-Type Magnetic Flux Indicators Figure 3-25. Magnetic Flux Distribution in a Central Conduction and a Cylindrical Test Part Figure 3-26. Calculating Effective Diameter Figure 3-27. Stationary Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection Unit Figure 3-28. AC/HWDC Portable Power Pack Figure 3-29. Portable Induced Field Inspection Equipment Figure 3-30. Leg Positions of Articulated Leg Yoke Figure 3-31. Field Inspection of Nose Wheel Strut Figure 3-32. Squeeze Bottle Applicator Figure 3-33. Filling Centrifuge Tube from Hose Figure 3-34. Drawing Fine Magnetic Particles from Vehicle with Horseshoe Magnet Figure 3-35. Hysteresis Loops Produced During Demagnetization Figure 3-36. Part in Demagnetizing Coil Figure 3-37. Non-Contact Demagnetization Figure 3-38. Typical Field Indicators Figure 3-41. Sequence of Steel Processing Stages, Indicating the Principle Operations and the Defects Most Likely to be Found in the Material After Each Process Figure 3-42. Sharp, Well Defined Indication of Surface Discontinuity in a Weld Figure 3-43. Broad Indication of Subsurface Discontinuity in a Weld Figure 3-44. Typical Magnetic Particle Indications of Cracks Figure 3-45. Magnetic Particle Indication of a Forced Fit Figure 3-46. Magnetic Particle Indication at the Weld Between a Soft and a Hard Steel Rod Figure 3-47. Magnetic Particle Indication of the Braze Line of a Brazed Tool Bit Figure 3-48. Magnetic Particle Indications of Segregations Figure 3-49. Cross-Section of Ingot Showing Shrink Cavity Figure 3-50. Magnetic Particle Indication of a Sub-Surface Stringer of Non-Metallic Inclusions Figure 3-51. Scabs on the Surface of a Rolled Bloom Figure 3-52. How Laps and Seams are Produced from Over-Fills and Under-Fills Figure 3-53. Magnetic Particle Indication of a Seam on a Bar Figure 3-54. Magnetic Particle Indications of Laminations Shown on Flame-Cut Edge of Thick Steel Plate Figure 3-55. Section through Severe Cupping in a 1 3/8 Inch Bar Figure 3-56. Magnetic Particle Indications of Cooling Cracks in an Alloy Steel Bar Figure 3-57. Magnetic Particle Indications of Flakes in a Bore of a Large Hollow Shaft Figure 3-59. Surface of a Steel Billet Showing a Lap Figure 3-60. Cross-Section of a Forging Lap (Magnified 100X Figure 3-61. Magnetic Particle Indication of Flash Line Tear in a Partially Machined Automotive Spindle Forging Figure 3-62. Magnetic Particle Indications of Defects in Castings Figure 3-63. Magnetic Particle Indications of Quenching Cracks Shown with Dry Powder Figure 3-64. Fluorescent Magnetic Particle Indications of Typical Grinding Cracks Figure 3-65. Magnetic Particle Indications of Grinding Cracks in a Stress-Sensitive, Hardened Surface Figure 3-66. Magnetic Particle Indications of Plating Cracks Figure 3-67. Magnetic Particle Indication of a Typical Fatigue Crack Figure 3-68. Fluorescent Magnetic Particle Indications of Cracks in Crankshaft of Small Aircraft Engine Damaged in Plane Accident Figure 3-69. Creation of Magnetic Writing Figure 3-70. Local Poles Created by Shape of Part Figure 3-71. Concentration of Field in a Keyway Figure 3-72. External Leakage Field Created by an Internal Keyway Figure 3-73. Non-Relevant Indications of Shaft Caused by Internal Spline Figure 3-74. Non-Relevant Indications Under the Head Created by Slot in Bolt Figure 3-75. Preparation for Magnetic Rubber Inspection Figure 3-76. Using Pole Pieces to Improve Magnetic Contact Figure 3-77. Typical Use of Gaussmeter Probes Figure 3-78. Magnetic Rubber Replicas Figure 4-1. Generation of Eddy Currents in Various Part Configurations Figure 4-2. Block Diagram of Eddy Current Inspection System Figure 4-3. Primary and Secondary Magnetic Fields in Eddy Current Inspection Figure 4-4. Relative Magnitude and Distribution of Eddy Currents in Good and Poor Conductors Figure 4-5. Relative Magnitude and Distribution of Eddy Currents in Conductive Material of High and Low Permeabilities Figure 4-6. Distribution of Eddy Currents in Thin Conductors Backed by Materials of Different Conductivities Figure 4-7. Distortion of Eddy Current Flow at the Edge of a Part Figure 4-8. Effect of Discontinuities on Distribution of Eddy Currents Figure 4-9. Relative Effect of Frequency on Depth of Penetration Figure 4-10. Relative Intensity of Eddy Currents with Variations in Lift-Off Figure 4-12. Simplified Bridge Circuit Figure 4-13. Sinusoidal In-Phase Variation of Alternating Current and Induced Magnetic Field Figure 4-14. Sinusoidal Variation of Alternating Current and Induced Voltage in a Coil Figure 4-15. Combining of Out-of Phase Voltages Figure 4-18. Vector Representation of Impedance Figure 4-19. Vector Representation of an Impedance Change Due to Lift-Off Figure 4-20. Impedance Diagram Illustrating Effects of Variable Conductivity Figure 4-21. Phase Angle Difference Between Lift-Off and Conductivity Figure 4-22. Impedance Diagram Showing the Effect of Lift-Off Figure 4-23. Impedance Diagram Showing the Effect of Specimen Thickness Figure 4-24. Effect of Temperature Increase Figure 4-25. Shallow Surface Crack Figure 4-26. Deeper Surface Crack Figure 4-27. Three Standard Depths of Penetration Figure 4-29. Deep Subsurface Crack Figure 4-31. Impedance Diagram Showing the Effect of a Crack Figure 4-32. Effect of Material Variables on Magnitude of Alternating Current in Test Coil with Constant Scanning Speed Figure 4-33. Illustration of the Effects of Different Filters on the Eddy Current Signal Figure 4-34. Basic Coil Configurations Figure 4-35. Typical Eddy Current Test Probes Figure 4-36. Single and Double Test Coil Configurations - Encircling Coils Figure 4-37. Basic Bridge Circuit Figure 4-38. NDT-19eII Eddy Current Instrument Figure 4-39. Hocking Locator UH-B Eddy Current Instrument Figure 4-40. ZETEC MIZ-22 Eddy Current Instrument Figure 4-41. Advantages of Pointed and Radiused Probes for Eddy Current Inspection Figure 4-42. Decrease in Crack Response with Increasing Lift-Off Figure 4-44. Lift-Off Resulting from Probe Wobble Figure 4-46. Effect of Scanning Speed on Meter Def lection from a Crack Figure 4-47. Air Force General Purpose Eddy Current Standard Figure 4-48. Air Force General Purpose Eddy Current Standard Figure 4-49. Air Force General Purpose Eddy Current Standard Figure 4-50. Navy Eddy Current Reference Standard Figure 5-1. Generation of Ultrasonic Vibrations Figure 5-2. Coupling of Search Unit to Test Part for Transmission of Ultrasonic Energy Figure 5-4. Ultrasonic Ref lection Figure 5-5. Typical A-Scan Display for Contact Inspection Figure 5-6. Typical C-Scan Inspection and Presentation Figure 5-7. Longitudinal and Shear Wave Modes Figure 5-9. Distribution of Surface Wave Energy with Depth Figure 5-10. Sound Beam Refraction Figure 5-11. Relative Amplitude in Steel of Longitudinal, Shear and Surface Wave Modes with Changing Plastic Wedge Angle Figure 5-12. Schematic Presentation of Sound Beam Figure 5-13. Amplitude Response Curve of Typical Search Unit Figure 5-14. Example of Beam Spread Causing Confusing Signals Figure 5-15. Main Sound Beam and Side Lobe Energy Figure 5-16. Focused Sound Beams Figure 5-17. Concave Sound Entry Surface Figure 5-18. Convex Sound Entry Surface Figure 5-19. Example of Mode Conversion Figure 5-20. Typical Portable Ultrasonic Instruments Figure 5-23. Ultrasonic Contact Inspection Figure 5-24. CRT Display Before Adjusting Sweep Delay Figure 5-25. CRT Display After Adjusting Sweep Delay Figure 5-26. Effect of Sweep Length on CRT Display Figure 5-27. Decibel-to-Amplitude-Ratio Conversion Chart Figure 5-29. Straight Beam Contact Search Unit Figure 5-30. Angle Beam Contact Search Unit Figure 5-31. Dual Search Unit Operation Figure 5-32. Angle Beam Dual Search Units Figure 5-33. Water Delay Column Search Unit Figure 5-34. Wheel Search Unit Figure 5-35. Angle Beam Inspection of Curved Surface Using Flat Search Unit Figure 5-36. Angle Beam Wedge with Hole for Mounting Search Unit Figure 5-37. Use of a Coupling Fixture to Hold Search Unit on Shoe Figure 5-38. Angle Beam Wedge Requiring a Coupling Fixture Figure 5-39. Typical Curved Surface Figure 5-40. Generation of Unwanted Surface Waves During Inspection of Cylindrical Part in the Longitudinal Direction Figure 5-41. Slots in Shoe to Eliminate Unwanted Surface Waves Figure 5-42. Generation of Unwanted Longitudinal and Surface Waves on Curved Surface Figure 5-43. Example of Determining the Sound Beam Path in a Test Part with a Curved Surface Figure 5-44. Straight Beam Inspection of Test Part with Curved Surface Figure 5-45. Inspection of Test Part Opposite Sides to Provide Coverage of Dead Zone Areas Figure 5-46. Through-Transmission Inspection Figure 5-47. Angle Beam Inspection Figure 5-48. Surface Wave Inspection Figure 5-49. Surface Wave Familiarization Figure 5-50. Correct and Incorrect Search Unit Orientation for Finding Cracks with Surface Waves Figure 5-51. Typical Straight Beam DAC Curve Figure 5-52. Search Unit Positions on IIW Block for Angle Beam DAC Figure 5-53. Typical Angle Beam DAC Curve Figure 5-54. Search Unit on ASTM Block for Determining Transfer Amount Figure 5-55. ASTM Block and Test Part Back Surface Signals Figure 5-56. Reference Standard for Inspection for Cracks in Skin Figure 5-57. Positioning Search Unit for Establishing Transfer Figure 5-59. Example of Multiple Indications and Decrease in Multiple Back Reflections Caused by Large Grain Size or Porosity Figure 5-60. Effect of Delaminations in a Plate on Multiple Back Surface Signals Figure 5-61. Irrelevant Surface Wave Signals Figure 5-62. Reference Standard for Inspection of a Bolt Figure 5-63. Angle Beam Technique for Locating Discontinuities at Boundaries Figure 5-64. Example of Ringing Signals Due to a Loose Transducer Element Figure 5-65. Double Shield for Reducing External Noise Signals Figure 5-66. Example of Reference Standard for Types I and II Unbonds Figure 5-67. Bonded Structure Configurations and Suggested Inspection Coverages Figure 5-68. Through-Transmission Method Figure 5-69. Typical Through-Transmission Inspection of a Stabilator Figure 5-70. Procedure for Through-Transmission Inspection of a Stabilator Figure 5-71. Pulse-Echo Method Figure 5-72. Mapping of Unbonds, Pulse-Echo Method Figure 5-76. Impedance Plane Display of a Pitch/Catch Impulse Method Figure 5-77. Pitch/Catch Probe Positions for Mapping Unbonds Figure 5-78. Pitch/Catch Swept-Frequency Signal Patterns Figure 5-79. Mechanical Impedance Analysis Display Figure 5-80. Typical Multiple Mode Bond Tester Figure 5-82. Correct and Incorrect Application of Leak Testing Contact Probe Figure 6-1. Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 6-2. Diagram of Radiographic Exposure Figure 6-3. Effect of Change in Thickness of Cracks Figure 6-4. Diagram of Nuclear Disintegration Figure 6-6. Typical X-ray Spectrum Figure 6-7. Effect of Filament Current on Radiation Quantity Figure 6-8. Fundamentals of X-Ray Tube Figure 6-9. Effective Focal Spot Size Figure 6-10. Variation of Intensity in the Primary Beam Due to the Heel Effect Figure 6-11. Sketch of Cross Section of X-Ray Film Figure 6-13. Microdensitometer Tracings of Images of DIN Wire Penetrameters Figure 6-14. Typical Characteristic Curve Figure 6-15. Illustration of Various Radiation Absorption Interactions Figure 6-16. Absorption Coefficients for Different Modes of Absorption in Iron Figure 6-17. Absorption Curves of Monochromatic and Multi-Energy Radiation Figure 6-18. Triangulation Technique Used to Determine Flaw Depth in an Object Figure 6-19. Sketch Showing Procedure for Making and Viewing Stereo Radiographs Figure 6-20. Typical Image Intensifier Tube Figure 6-21. Effect of Kilovoltage on Transmitted Radiation Output Figure 6-22. Radiographs of Honeycomb Showing Effect of Kilovoltage on Contrast Figure 6-23. Possible Geometric Distortions Figure 6-24. Nomogram to Assist in Solving Equation U g = Ft/d Figure 6-25. Preferred Geometry for Radiography of Curved Surfaces Figure 6-26. Inverse Square Law Diagram Figure 6-27. Density Changes Due to Varying Crack Widths and Intersection Angles Figure 6-28. Sources of Scatter Radiation Figure 6-29. Masking to Avoid Scatter Figure 6-30. Effect of Development Time Upon Film Speed, Contrast and Fogging Figure 6-31. Penetrameter Information Figure 6-32. Radiation Transmission Versus Thickness of Aluminum at 150 kVp Figure 6-33. Radiation Transmission Versus Thickness for Various Densities at 150 kVp Figure 6-34. A Typical X-ray Exposure Technique Chart Figure 6-35. Sketch of Desirable Stepped Block for Radiation Measurements Figure 6-36. Typical Technique Constant-Density Chart Figure 6-37. Scale for Determining Logarithms Figure 6-38. Suggested Arrangement of Manual Film Processing Tank Figure 6-39. Manual Film Processing Figure 6-40. Typical Arrangement of Through-the-Wall Automatic Processing Darkroom Figure 6-41. Pinhole Picture of Focal Spot Figure 6-42. Geometrical Factors Figure 6-43. Dark Adaptation Diagram Figure 6-44. Typical High Intensity Viewer Figure 6-45. Radiographic Examples of Welds Table 1-2. Major Command Codes Table 1-3. Frequency for Process Control Table 1-4. Ring Specimen Indications Table 1-5. Reference Standard Metal Travel Tolerances Table 1-6. Relative Signal Response from FBHs in ASTM Blocks Table 1-7. Minimum Sensitivity Requirements Table 1-8. Limits of Boundary Surface Resolution Table 2-1. Classification of Penetrant Materials Contained in ASM Table 2-2. Non-Mechanical Cleaning Processes that May be Used Prior to Penetrant Inspection Table 2-3. Mechanical Working Processes Table 2-4. Comparison of Hydrophilic versus Lipophilic Methods Table 2-5. Developer Forms and Application Methods in Decreasing Order of Sensitivity Table 2-6. Empirical Black Light Intensity Requirements at Various Ambient Light Levels Table 2-7. Typical Photographic Exposure Settings for Fluorescent Indications (Film Speed: ASA 64; Filter: Wratten 2B) Table 3-1. Coil Size vs Maximum Diameter for Parts Magnetized in Bottom of Coil Table 3-2. Typical Coil-Shot Current for a Five-Turn Coil with Part in Bottom of Coil Table 3-3. Comparison of Coil Amperages for Solid vs Hollow Parts Table 3-4. Relative Permeabilities for Some Ferromagnetic Materials Table 3-5. Requirements for Magnetic Particle Wet Method Oil Vehicle (DOD-F) Table 3-6. Procurement Data for Magnetic Particles per ASTM E Table 3-7. Magnetic Rubber Equipment Table 3-8. Magnetic Rubber Inspection Materials Table 3-9. Magnetic Field Strength and Duration Recommendations Table 3-10. Cure Times for Different Quantities of Catalyst Table 3-11. Magnetic Rubber Indication Codes Table 4-1. Common Applications of Eddy Current Inspection Table 4-2. Material Properties and Inspection Conditions Inf luencing Generation of Eddy Currents Table 4-3. Conductivities of Some Commonly Used Engineering Materials Table 4-4. Effect of Changes in Test Variables on the Surface Intensity and Depth of Penetration of Eddy Currents Table 4-5. Eddy Current Instruments - Applications, Features and Limitations Table 4-6. Eddy Current Reference Standards for Cracks Table 4-7. Electrical Conductivity Ranges for Aluminum Alloys Table 4-8. Effects of Material and Inspection Variables on the Sensitivity and Range of Thickness Measurements Table 5-1. Trigonometric Sines of Angles Table 5-2. Ultrasonic Properties of Materials Table 5-3. Incident Angles in Plastic for Refracted Shear Wave Angles in Test Materials Table 5-4. Couplant Materials for Contact Inspection Table 5-5. Ultrasonic Inspection Methods for Bonded Structures Table 5-6. Ultrasonic Inspection Methods for Bonded Structures Table 5-7. Measurement Error Introduced by Surface Roughness of Reference Standard or Test Part Table 6-1. Exposure-Time Correction Factors for Different Source Film Distances Table 6-2. Appropriate Radiation Energies for Radiography of Steel Table 6-4. Speed and Signal to Noise Ratio Table 6-5. Relative Speeds of X-ray Films Exposed at 100 kVp Table 6-7. Characteristics of Logarithms Table 6-8. Four-Place Logarithms to the Base Table 6-10. Effect of Relative Exposure on Film Sensitivity Table 6-12. Approximate Radiation Energies Compatible with Various Absorbers Table 6-13. Correlation Between Beam Divergence and Crack Detectability Table 6-14. Radiation Cone Radii at Various Intersect Angles and FFDs Table 6-15. Relative Absorption of Materials Table 6-16. Developing Time Versus Temperature Table 6-17. Manual Washing of Radiographic Film Table 6-18. Description of Film Artifacts Table 6-20. Visual Size Versus Physical Size Table 6-22. Recommended Instruments for Surveys and their Relative Energy Response Table 6-23. Investigation Levels Table 6-24. Dosimeter Results that Require Notification of OTSG Table 6-25. Maximum Permissible Dose Rate Versus Hourly Duty Cycle NonDestructive Testing (75 Pages) US Army Aviation Logistics School, October 1993 Lesson 1: Fluorescent Penetrant Testing Lesson 2: Magnetic Particle Testing International money order or any money order cashable in Canada is accepted. (please look at our rules and privacy policy) |
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