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Kiln Operators Manual Wood Lumber Drying Moisture Control CD Learn all about Wood/Lumber Moisture Control All files/material in Adobe PDF format. Works with Windows, Mac, Unix, Linux and others. This CD covers the following subjects. 1 Properties of wood related to drying 3 Dry kiln auxiliary equipment 4 Inspection and maintenance of dry kilns and equipment 5 Stacking and loading lumber for kiln drying Chapter 1 - Properties of Wood Related to Drying Commercial wood species 1 / Hardwoods and softwoods 2 / Structural features of wood 2 / Sapwood and heartwood 4 / Pith 4 / Annual growth rings 4 / Wood rays 4 / Grain and texture 5 / Color 5 / Variations in structure 5 / Commercial lumber grades 6 / Hardwood lumber grades 6 / Softwood lumber grades 6 / Wood-moisture relations 7 / Free and bound water 8 / Fiber saturation point 8 / Equilibrium moisture content 8 / How wood dries 9 / Forces that move water 9 / Factors that influence drying rate 10 / Lumber thickness 10 / Specific gravity and weight of wood 10 / Shrinkage of wood 11 / Average shrinkage values 12 / Shrinkage variability 12 / Drying stresses 12 / Electrical properties 13 / Thermal properties 15 / Specific heat 15 / Thermal conductivity 15 / Thermal expansion 16 / Literature cited 16 / Sources of additional information 16 / Tables 17 / Appendix-Equations for relating / temperature, humidity, and / moisture content 39 / Wet-bulb temperature and relative / humidity 39 / Relative humidity and equilibrium / moisture content 40 / Psychrometric charts 41 Chapter 2 - Kiln Types and Features Foundations and floors 51 / Heating systems 51 / Indirect heating 52 / Direct heating 53 / Steam traps and control valves 54 / steam traps 54 / Control valves 56 / Air-circulation systems 56 / Kiln fans 56 / Baffles 58 / Plenum chamber 59 / Venting and humidification systems / Venting 60 / Humidification 60 / Equipment to control drying conditions / Automatic control equipment 61 / Classification systems 43 / Operational techniques 43 / Compartment kilns 43 / Progressive kilns 48 / Temperatures of operation 48 / Low-temperature kilns 49 / Conventional-temperature kilns 49 / Elevated-temperature kilns 49 / High-temperature kilns 49 / Type of heating and energy source 49 / Steam 49 / Direct fire 49 / Electricity 50 / Hot water and hot oil 50 / Solar 50 / General construction features 50 / Construction materials 50 / Aluminum 50 / Concrete block, poured concrete, and brick / Wood and plywood 51 Chapter 3 - Dry Kiln Auxiliary Equipment Equipment for determining moisture content 75 / Balances and scales 75 / Triple-beam balance 75 / Electronic top-loading balance 75 / Self-calculating balance 76 / Indicating balance 78 / Self-calculating scale 78 / Saws 79 / Drying ovens 79 / Electrically heated ovens 79 / Steam-heated ovens 80 / Electric moisture meters 80 / Resistance moisture meters 81 / Dielectric power loss moisture meters 81 / Distillation equipment 82 / Equipment for determining temperatures 82 / Electric digital thermometers 83 / Etched-stem thermometers 84 / Hygrometers 84 / Equipment for determining air movement 85 / Literature cited 86 Chapter 4 - Inspection and Maintenance of Dry Kilns and Equipment Kiln structure 87 / Walls, roofs, and ceilings 87 / Prefabricated aluminum panels 88 / Masonry 88 / Doors 89 / Floors 89 / Rails and rail supports 89 / Recording-controlling instruments 90 / Proper location of control sensors or bulbs 90 / Dry-bulb sensors 90 / Wet-bulb sensors 90 / Equilibrium moisture content and / relative humidity sensors 91 / Care of recording-controlling instruments 91 / Calibration of recording-controlling instruments 91 / Heating systems 92 / Steam-heated kilns 92 / Improperly insulated feedlines 92 / Leaking pipes and unions 92 / Sagging and distorted pipes 93 / Defective valves and regulators 93 / Faulty pressure gauges 93 / Faulty automatic and manual valves 93 / Faulty steam traps 93 / Direct-fired kilns 94 / Humidification systems 95 / steam spray 95 / water spray 95 / Venting systems 95 / Air-circulation systems 95 / Kiln trucks 96 / Use of protective coatings 97 / Housekeeping and maintenance around dry kilns 97 / Locating problems in kiln maintenance / and operation 97 / Tables 99 Chapter 5 - Stacking and Loading Lumber for Kiln Drying Sorting 103 / Species 103 / Moisture content 104 / Heartwood and sapwood 104 / Wetwood 104 / Grain 104 / Grade 104 / Thickness 105 / Length 106 / Sorters 106 / Stickering lumber 106 / Sticker material 107 / Moisture content of stickers 107 / Sticker size 107 / Width 107 / Thickness 107 / Load supports 107 / Sticker location, spacing, and alignment 108 / Location 108 / Spacing 108 / Alignment 109 / Auxiliary stickers 109 / Sticker guides 109 / Care of stickers 110 / Box piling random-length lumber 110 / Mechanical stacking and unstacking equipment 110 / Stackers 110 / Unstackers 112 / Stacking lumber for various types of dry kilns 112 / Kiln samples 112 / Kiln sample pockets built into stack 113 / Kiln sample pockets cut into stack 113 / Kiln samples in bolster space 113 / Protecting stacked lumber 113 / Weights and restraining devices 113 / Loading and baffling dry kilns 114 / Track-loaded kilns 115 / Package-loaded kilns 116 / Literature cited 116 / Sources of additional information 116 Variability of material 118 / Species 118 / Thickness 118 / Moisture content 118 / Heartwood and sapwood 118 / Wetwood or sinker stock 118 / Grain 119 / Number of kiln samples 119 / Moisture content schedules 119 / Time schedules 119 / Checking kiln performance 119 / Selecting kiln samples 120 / Preparing kiln samples and moisture sections 120 / Cutting kiln samples and moisture sections 120 / Determining moisture content and weight of / kiln samples and moisture sections 120 / Weighing moisture sections 120 / Weighing kiln samples 121 / Ovendrying moisture sections 121 / Weighing ovendry moisture sections 121 / Calculating moisture content of moisture / sections 121 / Calculating ovendry weight of kiln samples 122 / Placing samples in kiln charges 123 / Using kiln samples during drying 123 / Calculating current moisture content of samples 123 / Using samples for kiln schedule changes 124 / Using automatic systems 124 / Intermediate moisture content tests 124 / When to make intermediate tests 125 / How to make intermediate tests 125 / Intermediate shell and core moisture tests 125 / Final moisture content and stress tests 125 / Recording drying data 127 / Forms for recording data 129 / Graphs of drying data 129 / Literature cited 131 / Source of additional information 131 Hardwood schedules 135 / General hardwood schedules 135 / Moisture content basis 135 / Material considerations 135 / Recommended schedules for steam-heated / kilns 135 / Assembly of a drying schedule 136 / Examples of assembled schedules 137 / Use of schedules for air-dried or predried / lumber 137 / Modifications to general hardwood schedules 138 / Shifting wet-bulb depression schedules 138 / Using H-type wet-bulb depression schedules 138 / Shifting temperature schedules 139 / Changes within the schedule 139 / Special hardwood schedules 140 / Maximum strength schedules 140 / Alternate schedules for some species 140 / Time schedules 140 / High-temperature schedules 140 / Schedules for imported species 140 / Schedule for presurfaced northern red oak 140 / Softwood schedules 141 / Softwood moisture content schedules 141 / Moisture content basis 141 / Material considerations 142 / Moisture content schedules 142 / Kiln drying air-dried lumber 142 / Modifying softwood moisture content / schedules 142 / Commercial softwood time schedules 142 / Conventional-temperature kiln schedules 143 / High-temperature kiln schedules 143 / Softwood schedules for special purposes 143 / Brown-stain control 143 / Setting pitch and retaining cedar oil 143 / Lumber treated with waterborne preservatives / or fire retardants 144 / Maximum strength schedules 144 / Bevel siding, venetian blinds, and other / resawed products 144 / Bundled short-length items 144 / Large timbers and poles 144 / Tank stock 145 / Knotty pine lumber 145 / Dehumidification kiln schedules 145 / Sterilizing, equalizing, and conditioning / treatments 145 / Sterilizing treatments 145 / Mold 145 / Fungal stain and decay 146 / Insects 146 / Equalizing and conditioning treatments 146 / Equalizing treatment 147 / Conditioning treatment 147 / Kiln-drying time 147 / Literature cited 148 / Sources of additional information 148 / Tables 149 Effect of drying temperatures 180 / Defect categories 180 / Rupture of wood tissue 180 / surface checks 180 / End checks and splits 182 / Collapse 183 / H o n e y c o m b 1 8 5 / Ring failure 186 / Boxed-heart splits 186 / Checked knots 186 / Loose knots 186 / Warp 187 / Uneven moisture content 188 / Board rejects 188 / Water pockets 188 / Control measures 188 / Discoloration 189 / Sapwood discolorations 189 / Heartwood discolorations 194 / Discolorations in wood containing wetwood 196 / Metallic and alkaline stains 197 / Removal of discoloration from dried wood 197 / Chapter 9 - Operating a Dry Kiln Kiln samples 207 / Selecting a drying schedule 208 / Schedules for homogeneous charges 208 / Schedules for mixed charges 208 / Starting the kiln 209 / Prestart checks 209 / Steam-heated kilns 209 / Direct-fired kilns 210 / Dehumidification kilns 210 / Warmup period 210 / Spray during warmup 210 / Time needed for warmup 210 / Operating a kiln after warmup 211 / Reducing heat 211 / Controlling dry-bulb temperature 211 / Controlling wet-bulb temperature 211 / Part-time kiln operation 211 / Drying process 212 / Operation on a moisture content schedule / Operation on a time schedule 212 / Intermediate moisture content checks 213 / Equalizing and conditioning treatments 213 / Equilibrium moisture content table 213 / General considerations 213 / Conditioning temperature 214 / Conditioning time 214 / Stress relief at high equilibrium / moisture content 214 / Moisture content and stress tests 214 / Method of testing 214 / Evaluation of casehardening tests for stress / Modifying kiln schedules 215 / Cooling a charge after drying 215 / Operating precautions for safety 215 / Fire prevention in kilns 216 / Sources of additional information 216 / Tables 217 / 212 Chapter 10 - Log and Lumber Storage Log storage 220 / Dry storage 220 / Logs with bark 221 / Debarked logs 222 / Transpiration drying 222 / Wet storage 223 / Pond storage 223 / Water sprinkling 224 / Effects of climate on lumber storage 225 / Relative humidity 225 / Temperature 225 / Rainfall 225 products. / Average equilibrium moisture content conditions by region and season 225 / Lumber storage 225 / Outdoor storage 225 / Green lumber 226 / Partly dried lumber 226 / Kiln-dried lumber 226 / Pile covers 228 / Open shed storage 228 / Green lumber 228 / Partly dried lumber 228 / Kiln-dried lumber 228 / Closed, unheated shed storage 229 / Green lumber 229 / Partly dried lumber 229 / Kiln-dried lumber 229 / Closed, heated shed storage 230 / Green lumber 230 / Partly dried lumber 230 / Kiln-dried lumber 230 / Conditioned storage sheds 230 / Treating stored lumber 230 / Chapter 11 - Energy in Kiln Drying Identification of energy consumed in wood drying 242 / Latent heat of evaporation 243 / Heat loss from dryer 243 / Heat loss associated with vent air 244 / Sensible heat demand of wood and kiln / structures 245 / Electrical energy for air movement 245 / Steam generations and delivery loss 246 / Energy demand in various wood drying systems 246 / Forced-air drying 246 / Latent heat of evaporation 246 / Heat loss 246 / Vent air loss 246 / Sensible heat 246 / Electrical energy for air movement 247 / Energy source and delivery system 248 / Air drying followed by kiln drying 249 / Predrying followed by kiln drying 249 / Dehumidification drying 249 / Solar drying 249 / Vacuum drying 250 / Platen pressdrying 250 / Practical applications 250 / Energy partition in a typical forced-air kiln 250 / Fuel costs and delivery systems 250 / Maintaining high energy efficiency in / existing forced-air kilns 251 / Heat recovery from vent air 252 / List of symbols 252 / Literature cited 253 / Sources of additional information 253 / Tables 254 All material in Adobe PDF format. 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