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EXCAVATION OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT Excavation may include site preparation; excavation; embankment construction; backfilling; dredging; preparing base course, subbase, and subgrade; compaction; and road surfacing. The types of equipment used and the environmental conditions will affect the man- and machine-hours required to complete a given amount of work. Before preparing estimates, choose the best method of operation and the type of equipment to use. Each piece of equipment is specifically designed to perform certain mechanical tasks. Therefore, base the equipment selection on efficient operation and availability. This manual is a guide for engineer personnel responsible for planning, designing, and constructing earthworks in the theater of operations. It gives estimated production rates, characteristics, operation techniques, and soil considerations for earthmoving equipment. This guide should be used to help select the most economical and effective equipment for each individual operation. This manual discusses the complete process of estimating equipment production rates. However, users of this manual are encouraged to use their experience and data from other projects in estimating production rates. The material in this manual applies to all construction equipment regardless of make or model. The equipment used in this manual are examples only. Information for production calculations should be obtained from the operator and maintenance manuals for the make and model of the equipment being used. PREFACE .................................................................................................................. v MANAGING EARTHMOVING OPERATIONS ....................................................... 1-1 Project Management ............................................................................................... 1-1 Equipment Selection ............................................................................................... 1-1 Production Estimates .............................................................................................. 1-1 Material Considerations .......................................................................................... 1-2 Zones Of Operation ................................................................................................ 1-6 DOZERS ................................................................................................................. 2-1 Description .............................................................................................................. 2-1 Blades ..................................................................................................................... 2-2 Clearing and Grubbing Operations ......................................................................... 2-3 Sidehill Excavations ................................................................................................ 2-9 Operation Techniques ........................................................................................... 2-11 Dozer Production Estimates ................................................................................. 2-18 Ripping Production Estimates ............................................................................... 2-23 Safety Precautions ................................................................................................ 2-26 SCRAPERS ............................................................................................................ 3-1 Description .............................................................................................................. 3-1 Production Cycle ..................................................................................................... 3-2 Production Estimates .............................................................................................. 3-9 Chapter 4 GRADERS ............................................................................................................. 4-1 Grader Components ............................................................................................... 4-1 Road and Ditch Construction ................................................................................. 4-2 Earth- and Gravel-Road Maintenance ................................................................... 4-8 Snow Removal ..................................................................................................... 4-10 Asphalt Mixing ...................................................................................................... 4-10 Operation Techniques and Tips ........................................................................... 4-11 Production Estimates ........................................................................................... 4-14 Safety ................................................................................................................... 4-15 Chapter 5 LOADERS .............................................................................................................. 5-1 Description ............................................................................................................. 5-1 Attachments ........................................................................................................... 5-1 Use ......................................................................................................................... 5-3 Selection ................................................................................................................ 5-3 Operation ............................................................................................................... 5-3 Production Estimates ............................................................................................. 5-8 Safety ................................................................................................................... 5-10 Chapter 6 FORKLIFTS ........................................................................................................... 6-1 Use ......................................................................................................................... 6-1 Operation Techniques ............................................................................................ 6-1 Safety ..................................................................................................................... 6-2 Chapter 7 CRANES ................................................................................................................ 7-1 Basic Crane Unit .................................................................................................... 7-1 Hoisting Operations ................................................................................................ 7-7 Pile Driver ............................................................................................................. 7-11 Clamshell ............................................................................................................. 7-12 Dragline ................................................................................................................ 7-15 Safety ................................................................................................................... 7-20 Chapter 8 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS ................................................................................ 8-1 Description ............................................................................................................. 8-1 Excavation Techniques .......................................................................................... 8-2 Operation Techniques ............................................................................................ 8-3 Small Emplacement Excavator with a Loader Bucket ............................................ 8-4 Track-Mounted Excavator ...................................................................................... 8-8 Production Estimates ............................................................................................. 8-8 Chapter 9 AIR COMPRESSORS AND PNEUMATIC TOOLS ............................................... 9-1 Air Compressors .................................................................................................... 9-1 Compressed-Air Uses ............................................................................................ 9-4 Air Manifolds .......................................................................................................... 9-5 Pneumatic Tools .................................................................................................... 9-6 Safety ................................................................................................................... 9-17 Chapter 10 HAULING EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................... 10-1 Dump Trucks ........................................................................................................ 10-1 Equipment Trailers ............................................................................................... 10-6 Chapter 11 SOIL-PROCESSING AND COMPACTION ......................................................... 11-1 Soil Processing .................................................................................................... 11-1 Soil Compaction ................................................................................................... 11-7 Chapter 12 ROAD SURFACING ............................................................................................ 12-1 Surface Treatment ............................................................................................... 12-1 Surfacing Equipment ............................................................................................ 12-1 In-Place Mixing Equipment .................................................................................. 12-8 Support Equipment ............................................................................................ 12-10 Chapter 13 SAFETY ............................................................................................................... 13-1 Safety Program .................................................................................................... 13-1 General Safety Rules ........................................................................................... 13-1 Operator Indoctrination ........................................................................................ 13-2 Operator Qualifications and Requirements .......................................................... 13-2 Equipment Inspection ........................................................................................... 13-2 Repairs and Maintenance .................................................................................... 13-2 Guards and Safety Devices ................................................................................. 13-3 Signals ................................................................................................................. 13-3 Ropes, Cables, and Chains ................................................................................. 13-3 Equipment Loading .............................................................................................. 13-6 Equipment Transporting ....................................................................................... 13-7 Night Operations .................................................................................................. 13-7 Excavations .......................................................................................................... 13-7 Chapter 14 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ..................................................................... 14-1 Preoperations Checklist ....................................................................................... 14-1 Personnel-Preparation Checklist .......................................................................... 14-2 Spill-Response Plan ............................................................................................. 14-2 APPENDIX A METRIC CONVERSION CHART ...........................................................................A-1 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................... GLOSSARY-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................BIBLIOGRAPHY-1 INDEX ........................................................................................................................1 (please look at our rules and privacy policy) |
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